Precisely Engineered Band Edges of Phase-Selectively Reduced TiO <sub>2</sub> via Dual Doping for Antimicrobial Photocatalysis with Enhanced Indoor Light Harvesting
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bacterial contamination of natural waters poses a serious threat to public health, and a TiO 2 -based photocatalyst has been explored as one of the promising solutions to address this challenge. However, its practical application remains limited by the wide band gap, weak visible-light response, and rapid charge recombination. Here, we report a selectively disordered TiO 2 -based dual strategy that integrates selective anatase reduction with S and Cu codoping (Cu-S-BTO). Selective reduction generated stable oxygen vacancies that enabled effective dopant incorporation and were preserved after doping, leading to a narrow band gap, enhanced charge separation, and improved visible-light harvesting. Under low-energy indoor light (700 lx), Cu-S-BTO achieved 99.9% antibacterial efficiency against four bacterial and one fungal strains while maintaining cytocompatibility with human skin cells. Moreover, in natural water samples from a valley, stream, and lake, Cu-S-BTO induced rapid 3–4 log bacterial reductions. This catalyst offers a practical and scalable solution for antimicrobial applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".