Precisely Engineered Band Edges of Phase-Selectively Reduced TiO <sub>2</sub> via Dual Doping for Antimicrobial Photocatalysis with Enhanced Indoor Light Harvesting
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bacterial contamination of natural waters poses a serious threat to public health, and a TiO 2 -based photocatalyst has been explored as one of the promising solutions to address this challenge. However, its practical application remains limited by the wide band gap, weak visible-light response, and rapid charge recombination. Here, we report a selectively disordered TiO 2 -based dual strategy that integrates selective anatase reduction with S and Cu codoping (Cu-S-BTO). Selective reduction generated stable oxygen vacancies that enabled effective dopant incorporation and were preserved after doping, leading to a narrow band gap, enhanced charge separation, and improved visible-light harvesting. Under low-energy indoor light (700 lx), Cu-S-BTO achieved 99.9% antibacterial efficiency against four bacterial and one fungal strains while maintaining cytocompatibility with human skin cells. Moreover, in natural water samples from a valley, stream, and lake, Cu-S-BTO induced rapid 3–4 log bacterial reductions. This catalyst offers a practical and scalable solution for antimicrobial applications.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it