Time-varying wind-turbine wakes at high Reynolds numbers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wind turbines operating in the atmospheric boundary layer are constantly exposed to time-varying flow conditions. These disturbances often occur on similar time scales to wind-turbine controllers, which may interfere with wind-farm control strategies that operate under steady-flow assumptions. This study aims to investigate the significance of such time variations on wind-turbine wake dynamics, focusing on slow time scales representative of quasi-steady processes in large wind farms. Experiments are conducted at near utility-scale Reynolds numbers ($Re_D=4\times10^6$) in a pressurized-air wind tunnel, with a wind turbine forced in periodic rotation-rate oscillations by means of a time-varying generator torque at low Strouhal numbers ($St=0.04$). Flow measurements in the wake of the turbine demonstrate that disturbances propagate through the wake as traveling waves, which are advected nonlinearly at the velocity of the wake rather than that of the free stream. The wake behavior can be described in a quasi-steady manner, but only after wake advection is accounted for by a Lagrangian transformation. Even in the quasi-steady regime, the spatiotemporal evolution of the wake can be controlled by independently varying the turbine thrust and tip-speed ratio. The results suggest that wake advection is important to consider for wind-farm modeling and control, and that time-varying control may allow wind-turbine wake interactions to be tuned even in nominally quasi-steady conditions for optimal wind-farm performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".