Natural History of Spirometric or Oscillometric Abnormalities in Asymptomatic adults within the general population
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<bold>Aims:</bold> To assess the relationship of abnormal spirometry/oscillometry in asymptomatic individuals to the development of respiratory symptoms or disease diagnoses four years later. <bold>Methods:</bold> 2,451 Austrian LEAD study participants (mean age = 48.1±17.1 years, 54% female) without self-reported respiratory symptoms and diagnoses underwent two visits 4.2±0.4 years apart. Subjects were divided according to having normal or abnormal lung mechanics. Normal respiratory mechanics was defined as FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, resistance, reactance (Xrs), inspiratory/expiratory components at 5Hz, and the area above the Xrs curve within the normal limits (GLI and Oostveen et al., 2013) at the first visit. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) assess the association between abnormal parameters at the first visit and self-reported respiratory conditions at the second. <bold>Results:</bold> Four years later: a) 1,688(68.9%) subjects remained symptom-free, 686(28.0%) reported symptoms, and 77(3.1%) reported being diagnosed with asthma, COPD, or chronic bronchitis. b) Subjects with normal FEV1/FVC (OR=0.53, 95%CI=0.38-0.75), normal Xrs (OR=0.55, 95%CI=0.34-0.87), were more likely to remain symptom-free. c) Subjects with abnormal Xrs (OR=1.60, 95%CI=1.00-2.57) were more likely to develop respiratory symptoms without a doctor’s diagnosed respiratory condition. d) Subjects with abnormal FEV1/FVC (OR=6.19, 95%CI=3.67-10.43) were more likely to report a doctor’s diagnosed respiratory condition. <bold>Conclusions:</bold> Spirometric and oscillometric abnormalities in asymptomatic individuals were associated with an increased risk of developing respiratory symptoms or conditions within four years.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.046 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".