The Duration and Severity of Parkinson's Disease on the Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is higher in Parkinson's disease (PD) compared to the general population. Aims and objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the role of disease duration and Hoehn and Yahr stage in the risk of OSAS. We hypothesized a positive correlation between disease duration, Hoehn-Yahr stage, and OSAS risk. Methods: The study enrolled patients aged 18 years and older, diagnosed with PD. Patients were excluded if they had a diagnosed sleep disorder , lung or thyroid disease, prior salivary Botox treatment, a history of throat-related surgery, cancer or cognitive problems. OSAS risk was evaluated using the STOP-Bang questionnaire. Disease duration was recorded in months, and Hoehn and Yahr staging was used to assess the severity of PD. Spearman analysis was used for correlation analysis. Results: The study included 86 patients, with a mean age of 66.37 ± 8.75 years (min–max: 43–84) and a mean body mass index of 28.18 ± 5.3. Of the patients, 45.3% (n = 39) were male, and 54.7% (n = 47) were female. It was found that the mean Hoehn Yahr score was 2.23 ± 0.93 (min–max: 1.0–5.0), the mean duration was 77.33 ± 68.15 months (min–max: 2–324), and the mean STOP score was 4.26 ± 1.51 (min–max: 1–7). No significant correlation was found between the duration and the risk of OSAS (r = 0.026, p = 0.811), nor between Hoehn-Yahr and the risk of OSAS (r = 0.083, p = 0.449). Conclusions: Although the prevalence of OSAS is increased in PD, our study found that the risk of OSAS was not influenced by disease duration or severity. The relationship appears complex, might be influenced by medications and non-motor symptoms like sialorrhea.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".