Eye Movement-Related Eardrum Oscillations (EMREOs) Occur without Visual Input But Are Reduced during Closed Eyelids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent investigations have shown that the tympanic membranes exhibit synchronous oscillations with each saccadic eye movement (Gruters et al., 2018), a phenomenon known as eye movement-related eardrum oscillations (EMREOs). However, the dependence of these saccade-associated EMREOs on ongoing visual activity remains to be elucidated. Given the direct projections from motor areas to primary auditory and visual cortices and the observation that EMREOs' onset occurs concurrently with, or even precedes, saccades, we hypothesized that EMREOs would persist in the absence of visual stimulation. This report presents a study wherein 16 healthy male and female participants executed horizontal saccades under three distinct conditions: (1) in a well-lit environment, (2) in a darkened environment with eyes open, and (3) in a darkened environment with eyes closed. Ocular movements were quantified via electrooculography, and tympanic membrane oscillations were registered using in-ear microphones. The results demonstrated the presence of EMREOs concurrent with both visually guided and memory-guided saccades, although a late minor reduction in amplitude was observed in the "dark with open eyes" condition. Significant attenuation of EMREOs was evident when participants performed saccades with their eyelids closed, despite maintaining the same saccade amplitude and initial velocity. This amplitude reduction may reflect modulations in cortical states associated with predictive coding.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".