Results from the Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR) 2020–21 in Vietnam: data based on CLSI, EUCAST (dose-specific) and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Antibiotic susceptibility determination of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae from community-acquired respiratory infections collected in 2020-21 from two hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. METHODS: MICs were determined by CLSI broth microdilution; susceptibility was interpreted based on CLSI, EUCAST and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints. RESULTS: A total of 144 S. pneumoniae and 191 H. influenzae isolates were collected. S. pneumoniae susceptibility to amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (2:1) was 56.9% and 56.3% (CLSI), 29.2% and 25.7% (EUCAST high-dose) and 78.5% using high-dose amoxicillin (4 g/0.25 g/day, PK/PD). Susceptibility to ceftriaxone was 91.7% by EUCAST (high-dose) and 50.7% by CLSI or PK/PD. Pneumococcal cefotaxime susceptibility was 61.8% by CLSI (29.9%, EUCAST). Penicillin susceptibility was 69.4% by CLSI intravenous/EUCAST high-dose, but 6.3% using CLSI oral/EUCAST low-dose breakpoints. Tetracyclines, macrolides and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole had 5.6%-16.7% susceptibility.Among H. influenzae isolates, 59.7% were β-lactamase-negative, of which 87.7% and 74.6% were ampicillin-resistant (BLNAR) following EUCAST and CLSI criteria, respectively. H. influenzae fluoroquinolone, macrolide and tetracycline susceptibility reached 62.0%-89.5% (CLSI, EUCAST); macrolide susceptibility was 3.7%-5.8% (PK/PD). All were susceptible to ceftriaxone (all breakpoints) and cefotaxime (CLSI, PK/PD); cefotaxime susceptibility was 15.7% by EUCAST. H. influenzae amoxicillin/clavulanic acid susceptibility was 45.5% (EUCAST) and 32.5% (CLSI) but increased to 82.8% with high-dose (4 g/0.25 g/day, PK/PD). CONCLUSIONS: The hospitals showed high rates of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae and BLNAR H. influenzae. S. pneumoniae showed low susceptibility to macrolides and several cephalosporins. H. influenzae fluoroquinolone susceptibility was 88.0%-89.0% (CLSI). Future surveillance across Vietnam will help understand susceptibility trends over time and regions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".