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Record W4416690418 · doi:10.1175/ei-d-25-0009.1

Enhanced Precipitation Induced by a Volcanic Eruption Acting as an Obstacle to Atmospheric Flow

2025· article· W4416690418 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.

Bibliographic record

VenueEarth Interactions · 2025
Typearticle
Language
FieldEarth and Planetary Sciences
TopicMeteorological Phenomena and Simulations
Canadian institutionsMcGill University
FundersNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
KeywordsPrecipitationVolcanoVulcanian eruptionPhreatic eruptionWarm frontVolcanic ashPeninsulaAtmosphere (unit)

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Abstract At 2020 UTC 16 March 2024, the Sundhnúksgígar crater row located north of the town of Grindavík on the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland, erupted. Forty minutes after the start of the eruption, a significant rain shower started 20 km downwind of the eruption site to the west of the Keflavík International Airport. Since there was no precipitation over the peninsula prior to the eruption and the precipitation event started shortly after the eruption and downwind from the volcano, we were led to believe that it was linked to the eruption. In the style of a mystery novel, we sought to elucidate the mechanism linking the eruption and the rain shower. Two different mechanisms were initially investigated: 1) the volcano heat and moisture led to convection and 2) the volcanic ash created condensation nuclei. Using radar data, ground-based measurements, and model soundings, it was found that the eruption could not be directly responsible for the precipitation event through either of these mechanisms. As such, another process had to be involved, namely, that the eruption acted as an obstacle to the atmospheric flow causing precipitation. Significance Statement Shortly after a volcano in southwest Iceland erupted, an unforecasted heavy rain shower started west of the Keflavík International Airport, the main airport deserving Reykjavik, Iceland. Such a heavy shower could have disrupted the airport activities and might have been a hazard to landing and departing aircraft should it have occurred over the airport. We investigated how the volcano caused the rainstorm as the rain started shortly after and downwind of the eruption. The uncovered process proved to be unexpected, justifying this publication: It appears that the eruption acted as an obstacle that wind had to leap over, and this sudden ascending motion quickly produced significant precipitation downwind.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Simulation or modeling · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.739
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0170.002

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.026
GPT teacher head0.296
Teacher spread0.270 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it