Loadless Tendon Explant Model Exhibits Spontaneous Degradative Phenotypes: An <i>In Vitro</i> Study of Human Tendons
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: , there is still no consensus on a standardized culture protocol. Recently, tendon explants have been applied to senescence-related research but whether their own changes affected the credibility of the conclusions was not confirmed. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically evaluate the reliability of the loadless tendon explant model by characterizing its dynamic macroscopic morphological and molecular biological changes during culture. Methods: This study collected surgical samples from patients as loadless tendon explants for culture and conducted molecular biology and cytology tests once every 3 days within 15 days. Both their macroscopic and microscopic changes were recorded and analyzed, with each compared to the corresponding parameters at day 0. Results: Loadless tendon explants spontaneously underwent progressive disintegration, leading to the collapse of the original dense structure. Consistently, the collagen fibers also gradually became loose and fractured, contributing to a significant decrease of collage density from day 9. In addition, the senescence and apoptosis markers P21 and Caspase 3 increased over time, and there were statistically significant differences starting from day 6, respectively. The main intrinsic component, Collagen I, and the main catabolic enzyme, metalloproteinase 13 (MMP 13), could hardly be detected since day 3. During the daily evaluations from day 0 to day 4, Collagen I gradually decreased and was barely detectable by day 3, whereas MMP 13 increased on day 1 followed by a rapid decline since day 2. Conclusions: These results indicate that loadless tendon explants rapidly degrade and lose matrix integrity, with their spontaneous changes compromising the reliability of research conclusions related to senescence and apoptosis. Therefore, further optimization is still required before a well-established protocol is applied.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".