Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Adolescents With Persistent Postconcussion Symptoms After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: An Open Label Safety and Feasibility Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Although most children and adolescents with a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) recover quickly, a significant minority develop intractable headaches, cognitive difficulties, and/or mood disturbances known as persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) offers significant therapeutic potential in PPCS. Methods Fourteen adolescents (15.6 ± 1.5 years, 10 females) with PPCS ≥ 3 months post-injury (median: 4, 3-16 months) were recruited into an open label, single centre, safety/feasibility rTMS trial. Four weeks of once daily rTMS (20 visits, 10 Hz at 120% of resting motor threshold, 3000 stimulations per session) was applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Adverse events were monitored at every treatment. Additional outcomes included the Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory (PCSI) and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). Results No serious adverse events were observed. Headaches were the most frequent adverse event; but headaches tended to decrease in frequency over the treatment course. Twelve out of 14 participants attended 90% or more of the rTMS sessions. After four weeks of rTMS, PCSI total scores decreased from pre-rTMS values by 27.5 ± 20.9 points ( Z = -3.3, P < 0.001) and PedsQL total scores increased by 12 ± 12.6 points ( t 13 = -3.5, P = 0.004). One-month post-rTMS, PedsQL scores were still increased but PCSI scores were not different from baseline. Conclusions High frequency rTMS to the left DLPFC is safe/feasible for adolescents with PPCS. Results provide data to inform large randomised, sham-controlled trials to explore the efficacy of rTMS to treat pediatric PPCS.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".