Vitamin D supplementation and its impact on leptin and interleukin-6 in women following religious intermittent fasting: a controlled study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in populations following intermittent or religious fasting, particularly Orthodox nuns with limited sun exposure and dietary restrictions. Vitamin D may modulate adipokines and inflammatory markers, but clinical evidence remains inconsistent. Objective To investigate the effects of vitamin D supplementation on interleukin-6 (IL-6) and leptin concentrations in Orthodox nuns compared with non-supplemented controls. Methods In this controlled, non-randomized trial, 33 Orthodox nuns received oral vitamin D 3 supplementation (2,500 IU/day) for 16 weeks, while 42 age-matched women following Orthodox intermittent fasting served as controls. Anthropometric indices and serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], IL-6, leptin, parathyroid hormone, insulin, and C-reactive protein were measured at baseline and follow-up. Results At baseline, serum 25(OH)D concentrations were lower in the supplementation group compared with controls (23.4 ± 10.1 vs . 27.7 ± 11.2 ng/mL, p = 0.043). After 16 weeks, 25(OH)D increased significantly in the supplementation group (23.4 ± 10.1 vs . 33.9 ± 11.0 ng/mL, p < 0.001), with no change in controls (27.7 ± 11.2 vs . 28.5 ± 12.2 ng/mL, p = 0.941). Leptin showed a non-significant decrease in the supplementation group (24.4 ± 18.3 vs . 21.9 ± 13.5 ng/mL, p = 0.215), whereas in the controls, it remained unchanged (23.21 ± 14.67 vs . 24.05 ± 13.89 pg/mL, p = 0.365). IL-6 did not change significantly in either group. Exploratory multivariable regression did not reveal significant predictors of leptin changes. Conclusions Vitamin D supplementation effectively corrected deficiency but did not significantly affect leptin or IL-6 concentrations. These results highlight the need for larger and longer studies to further clarify the immunometabolic impact of vitamin D supplementation in women practicing intermittent fasting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".