Petrography, Petrophysics, and Pore Systems of Cambrian Sandstones and Dolomites in Southwestern Ontario: Implications for Carbon Capture and Storage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This paper investigates relationships between lithology and pore systems in Cambrian deposits of southwestern Ontario, a current carbon capture and storage target. I integrate SEM imagery that includes elemental mapping, with optical petrography, X-ray diffraction results, and data from routine core analysis on samples from a single well that penetrates the entire approximately 100 m-thick section. The rocks comprise a range of lithologies, including sandstones, dolomitic sandstones, sandy dolomites, and dolomites. Most of the sandstones are arkosic, with potassium feldspar contents that can be >50%. Highest porosity (>20%) is found in sandstones and lowest (<1%) is in the dolomites. Sandstones can have permeability >100 mD, whereas the tightest dolomites have permeability in the 10s of μD range. Three main pore types are present: intergranular, intragranular, and vugs. The first two are present in sandstones and the vugs are present in dolomites. Intragranular porosity is primarily in orthoclase feldspar grains, where diagenesis removed grain centers, effectively leaving no alteration products. The results are significant because they demonstrate the arkosic nature of some Cambrian sandstones, show that feldspar content is a significant control on porosity, and that future petrophysical analyses need to be calibrated using quantitative mineralogy data. Wireline log and core data presented herein are derived from a single well but integration of these data with results of previous mapping suggests they are likely to be representative of the Cambrian section throughout much of the subsurface of southwestern Ontario.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".