Replacement of cottonseed with an extruded flaxseed-based supplement alters milk fatty acid profile without affecting yield or methane emissions in Holstein dairy cows
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fats are considered effective in reducing enteric methane (CH 4 ) emissions in ruminants, but limited research exists on the use of flaxseed fatty acids for this purpose in Holstein dairy cows. We evaluated the effects of an extruded flaxseed-based supplement that included a mix of flaxseed, peas, and alfalfa hay (LinPRO-R) on enteric CH 4 emissions and milk quality. Holstein cows (n = 24, 113 ± 31 DIM) were arranged in a 3 × 3 Latin square design and assigned to one of the 3 treatments: control (CON), ration containing 4.5% LinPRO (4.5% LinPRO-R), or ration containing 9% LinPRO (9% LinPRO-R) on a DM basis. In the 9% LinPRO-R group, cottonseed was replaced with the flaxseed supplement; therefore, the fatty acid profile was altered, and the forage NDF increased with higher inclusion. However, the total fat content of different diets remained similar. After 2 wk of adaptation, each of the experimental periods lasted for 28 d. Milk yield and enteric emissions were captured daily. Weekly milk samples were analyzed for milk fat, protein, lactose, SNF, MUN, and SCC. All data were analyzed using a mixed model ANOVA in the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS (SAS Institute Inc.). Body weight change, DMI, and milk yield did not differ among the different LinPRO-R treatments. Milk fat percentage was lower in LinPRO-R supplemented cows compared with the CON group (CON: 4.67 ± 0.14%, 4.5% LinPRO-R: 4.47 ± 0.14%, and 9% LinPRO-R: 4.51 ± 0.14%), but milk protein, lactose, SNF, MUN, and SCC were unaffected. Methane and CO 2 emissions did not differ among treatments, whereas H 2 production was lower in CON than in 9% LinPRO-R (CON: 4.42 ± 0.14 g/d, 4.5% LinPRO-R: 4.66 ± 0.14 g/d, and 9% LinPRO-R: 4.88 ± 0.14 g/d). The percentage of cis -9 C18:1 in milk fat was higher in the 9% LinPRO-R group compared with the CON and 4.5% LinPRO-R groups. The percentage of C18:3n-3 was greater in LinPRO-R-supplemented cows (CON: 0.52 ± 0.03%, 4.5% LinPRO-R: 1.05 ± 0.03%, and 9% LinPRO-R: 1.46 ± 0.03%). Therefore, supplementation of Holstein cow diets with 4.5% and 9% LinPRO-R did not affect milk yield or enteric CH 4 emissions, likely due to alterations in forage NDF content and the dietary fatty acid profile.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".