Buoy measurements of strong waves in ice amplitude modulation: a signature of the impact of sea ice closedness on waves in ice attenuation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. The Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) forms a critical transition region between the ocean and sea ice cover, as it protects the close ice further in from the effect of the steepest and most energetic open ocean waves. As waves propagate through the MIZ, they become exponentially attenuated. Unfortunately, the associated attenuation coefficient is difficult to accurately estimate and model, and there are still large uncertainties around which attenuation mechanisms dominate depending on the conditions. This makes it difficult to predict waves in ice attenuation, as well as sea ice breakup and dynamics. Here, we report in situ observations of strongly modulated waves in ice amplitude, with a modulation period of around 12 h. We show that simple explanations, such as changes in the incoming open water waves or the direct effect of tides and currents and bathymetry on the propagating waves, cannot explain the observed modulation. Therefore, the wave height modulation observed in the ice comes from a modulation of the waves in ice attenuation coefficient. We gather evidence that sea ice convergence and divergence is likely the factor driving this modulation in the attenuation coefficient, through its influence on the ice “closedness”. This implies that the level of sea ice “closedness” needs to be taken into account by future dissipation parameterizations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".