The Impact of Nonsteroidal Anti‐Inflammatory Drugs on Radiographic Spinal Progression in Patients With Axial Spondyloarthritis: 10‐Year Results From an Inception Cohort
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the impact of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) intake on radiographic spinal progression in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), considering different NSAID types (COX-2 inhibitors [COX2i] and nonselective NSAIDs [ns-NSAIDs]) and disease subgroups (radiographic [r-axSpA] and nonradiographic [nr-axSpA]). METHODS: Leveraging data from the German Spondyloarthritis Inception Cohort (GESPIC), we conducted analyses on 252 patients with axSpA (139 with nr-axSpA and 113 with r-axSpA), who had minimum two sets of spinal radiographs. The outcome was progression in modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (mSASSS) in two-year intervals. We fitted sequential conditional mean models by using generalized estimating equations and adjusting for longitudinal repeated measures of exposure and time-dependent confounders. We report β-coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for outcomes reflecting the progression in mSASSS per 10-point increase in NSAID intake score. RESULTS: At baseline, 201 (80.0%) patients were under NSAID treatment, with 46 (18%) taking COX2i and 156 (62%) taking ns-NSAIDs, and mean total NSAID intake score was 38.3 ± 35.5. A 10-point increase in NSAID intake score was associated with retardation of radiographic progression (β = -0.052, 95% CI: -0.097 to -0.007), with this effect being most pronounced in patients with r-axSpA (β = -0.077, 95% CI: -0.152 to -0.003). COX2i showed a slightly lower point estimate (although not statistically significant) in progression compared to ns-NSAIDs among all patients with axSpA (β = -0.061 and -0.045, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest a beneficial effect of higher NSAID intake, particularly COX2i, on slowing radiographic progression in axSpA. These findings may help inform therapeutic strategies, particularly in r-axSpA, although further research is needed for nr-axSpA.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".