Nattokinase supplementation for cognitive enhancement in asymptomatic intracranial/carotid stenosis: A randomized controlled trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The Improving Cerebral Blood Flow and Cognitive Function in Patients with Asymptomatic Intracranial/Carotid Stenosis with Nattokinase (ICC-PACS) trial was a single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, aiming to evaluate the effects of 6-month nattokinase (NK) supplementation on cognitive function in patients with asymptomatic intracranial/carotid artery stenosis. METHODS: A total of 120 participants were randomized 1:1 to receive oral NK (8000 FU/day) or placebo for six months. Cognitive assessments and multimodal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed at baseline and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 120 subjects were ultimately included (60 in the NK group and 60 in the placebo group), with balanced baseline characteristics between the two groups (average age 58.3 years, female 40.9 %). A total of 88 patients took the medication as required for 6 months and completed follow-up (45 in the NK group and 43 in the placebo group). Per-protocol analysis results found no significant between-group differences in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score changes (mean difference: 0.038; 95 % CI: -1.109, 1.163; P = 0.948). However, exploratory analysis revealed significant difference in the changes of visuospatial function scores between the NK group and the placebo group (intergroup difference: 0.350; 95 % CI: 0.056, 0.649; P = 0.024), with reduced risk of visuospatial function decline in the NK group (OR: 0.35; 95 % CI: 0.127, 0.966). Besides, results were consistent in intention-to-treat analyses. CONCLUSION: Six-month NK supplementation did not improve global cognition in asymptomatic intracranial/carotid stenosis patients. However, domain-specific enhancement in visuospatial function suggests potential selective neuroprotective effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".