Qualitative Study of Men’s Experiences of Becoming a Father for the First-Time in Pakistan: A Critical Realist Perspective
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is a knowledge gap about fathers' experiences during the perinatal period globally. Limited literature addresses experiences of first-time fathers during the perinatal period in the sociocultural context of Pakistan. This is the first study to explore the experiences of first-time fathers during the perinatal period in Pakistan and seeks to clarify those experiences from the father's perspectives. Critical realism (CR) philosophy was integrated with the socioecological model (SEM) framework to guide this qualitative descriptive study. Eight first-time fathers were recruited and interviewed individually at their homes by male research assistants. Four fathers were experiencing the prenatal phase and four were experiencing the postnatal phase up to 6 months after delivery. Interview data were analyzed using inductive content analysis technique. Results revealed the multifaceted relationship between agents and social structures in contributing to the perinatal experiences of first-time fathers in Pakistan. Religion played a strong role in shaping first-time Pakistani fathers' experiences in both prenatal and postnatal phases of the perinatal period. Economic conditions in Pakistan contributed to fathers' stress about providing for family expenses and their child's future. Hospital and government policies were a major concern for postnatal fathers. All fathers developed a sense of responsibility after receiving news about becoming a father. Integration of CR and SEM facilitated new insights. This multilevel perspective may offer hope for improving the experiences of first-time fathers during their wives' perinatal period. These new insights can also assist policymakers and researchers in developing strategies and interventions for successful transition to fatherhood in Pakistan.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".