Longitudinal association between pulmonary function and incident cognitive decline : Results of the SONIC cohort study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Reduced pulmonary function may contribute to cognitive decline in older adults; however, few longitudinal studies adjust for frailty, lifestyle, and comorbidities. This study examined whether baseline spirometry predicts 3-year cognitive decline in community-dwelling older Japanese adults. Data were derived from the SONIC Study, a longitudinal cohort of older Japanese adults. This 3-year follow-up included community-dwelling adults in their 70 s and 80 s, stratified by age and sex. Baseline and follow-up assessed anthropometry, physical frailty indicators (grip strength and gait speed), cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Japanese version [MoCA-J]) and pulmonary function (percent vital capacity [%VC], percent forced vital capacity [%FVC], percent forced expiratory volume in one second [%FEV₁], forced expiratory volume in one second / forced vital capacity ratio [FEV₁/FVC], and percent peak expiratory flow [%PEF]). Associations with mild cognitive decline were examined using logistic regression, adjusted for comorbidities, health behaviors, and frailty. Most pulmonary function measures markedly decreased over 3 years, whereas the FEV₁/FVC ratio remained stable. MoCA-J scores markedly declined among adults in their 80 s but remained stable in those in their 70 s. Reduced %PEF was markedly associated with cognitive decline only in participants in their 70 s, in males and females. Additionally, reduced FEV₁/FVC ratio was associated with increased cognitive decline in females in their 70 s. No significant associations were found in participants in their 80 s. In older adults, declines in %PEF and FEV₁/FVC ratio increased cognitive decline in the 70 s age group, with sex differences noted. Simple pulmonary measures may help identify those at risk.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".