Anthropometric Measurements Amongst Contemporary Deceased Adults From New Mexico Vary in Relation to Childhood Socioeconomic Status
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Energetic deficits through lack of access to resources and/or increased exposure to stressors are associated with the disadvantaged biocultural environments often afforded to individuals with lower socioeconomic status (SES). We use anthropometric and demographic data collected from 224 adult (aged 20-50 years) individuals whose computed tomography (CT) scans are housed in the New Mexico Decedent Image Database to explore how various limb proportions differ between childhood SES levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Relationships between childhood SES and body proportions, calculated from standard anthropometrics measured on CT scans, were tested using ANOVA and ANCOVA. RESULTS: Higher-SES individuals have larger dimensions for a given trunk length than lower-SES individuals across all measurements. The largest differences in individual segments are found in the lower limb segments (tibia and thigh); though total upper limb shows greater between-group differences than total lower limb. Foot length (autopod) differences do not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: While individuals who face resource deficits in early childhood may undergo catch-up growth later in development, our study indicates the material disadvantage offered by lower- and middle-SES in New Mexico prevents catch-up growth from equalizing linear growth outcomes even in less plastic dimensions. Our study demonstrates the importance of limb segments as biomarkers of childhood biocultural environments. We highlight that SES is a socially defined category of resource allocation with clear biological impacts, which may be socially mitigated by policies supporting a more equitable division of resources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.022 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".