Short- and long-term dietary supplementation as well as withdrawal of the enteric methane inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol reveal distinct effects on the rumen microbial community
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The enteric methane inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) inhibits the key enzyme in ruminal methanogenesis, but whether short-term (ST) and long-term (LT) dietary supplementation has similar effects on rumen microbiota in beef cattle and how microbes change after 3-NOP withdrawal have not been studied. This study investigated changes in rumen bacteria, archaea, and protozoa after ST and LT dietary supplementation and removal of 3-NOP using metataxonomic analysis. RESULTS: A total of 143 rumen samples were collected from two beef cattle studies with 3-NOP supplementation. The ST study (95 samples) used eight ruminally cannulated beef cattle in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four 28-d of 3-NOP treatments [mg/kg of dry matter (DM)]: control: 0, low: 53, med: 161, and high: 345. The LT study (48 samples) was a completely randomized design with two 3-NOP treatments [control: 0, and high: 280 mg/kg of DM) fed for 112-d followed by a 16-d withdrawal (without 3-NOP). Bacterial and archaeal communities were significantly affected by 3-NOP supplementation but limited effects on protozoal communities were observed. Under ST supplementation, the relative abundances of Prevotella, Methanobrevibacter (Mbb.) ruminantium, Methanosphaera sp. ISO3-F5, and Entodinium were increased (Q < 0.05), whereas those of Mbb. gottschalkii and Epidinium were decreased (Q < 0.05) with 3-NOP supplementation. In LT study, relative abundances of Mbb. ruminantium, and Methanosphaera sp. Group5 were increased (Q < 0.05), while those of Saccharofermentans and Mbb. gottschalkii were decreased (Q < 0.05) with 3-NOP supplementation. Comparison between 3-NOP supplementation and the withdrawal revealed increased relative abundances of Clostridia UCG-014 and Oscillospiraceae NK4A214 group and decreased those of Eubacterium nodatum group and Methanosphaera sp. Group5 (P < 0.05) after 3-NOP withdrawal. Further comparison of rumen microbiota between control and 3-NOP withdrawal showed significantly higher (P = 0.029) relative abundances of Eggerthellaceae DNF00809, p-1088-a5 gut group, and Family XII UCG-001 in control group while no significant differences were detected for archaea and protozoa. Microbial network analysis revealed that microbial interactions differed by both 3-NOP dose and durations. CONCLUSIONS: Both ST and LT supplementation affected overall rumen microbial profile, with individual microbial groups responded to 3-NOP supplementation differently. After 3-NOP withdrawal, not all microbes showed recovery, indicating that the 3-NOP driven shifts were only partially reversible. These findings provide an understanding of the effects of 3-NOP on rumen microbial communities and their adaptability to methane mitigation strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".