Larger trabecular bone structural units (BSU) can slow crack growth in idealized 2D extended finite element method (XFEM) models by delaying when the crack tip reaches the cement line
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Trabecular bone structural units (BSU) are known to decrease in size with age, resulting in an increase in the proportion of cement line. The mechanical consequences of these changes are unclear and could either decrease fragility by redirecting cracks or increase fragility due to preferential crack growth in the cement line. To address this question, extended finite element method modelling of an idealized 2D trabecula loaded in tension, composed of repeating hexagonal BSU, has been used to perform parametric studies of geometric properties. Assuming the cement line breaks at lower strains than the BSU, the results indicate that it is the time the crack grows within the BSU, rather than the BSU size per se, that delays the failure of a trabecula under tension. The crack path was also an important factor, with lower failure strains predicted as more of the crack propagated through the cement line. These modelling results support the notion that changes in the proportions of BSU and cement line could play a role in age-related fragility. Better experimental characterization of the trabecular BSU and cement line, both in terms of their geometry and materials properties, is needed to further investigate their contributions to fragility.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".