Compounding and stability studies of liquid oral formulations of beta-blockers (bisoprolol, betaxolol, and nadolol) for paediatric patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In paediatric wards, bisoprolol, betaxolol, or nadolol can be administered orally at non-licensed dosages. To provide paediatric patients with appropriate treatment, batches of beta-blocker oral suspensions must be compounded, which involves subsequent stability studies. A stability-indicating HPLC-UV method and microbiological analyses were validated. Experimental batches were compounded (betaxolol hydrochloride 1 mg.mL −1 , bisoprolol hemifumarate 0.5 mg.mL −1 and nadolol 10 mg.mL −1 ). Bisoprolol hemifumarate 0.5 mg.mL −1 and nadolol 10 mg.mL −1 needed the addition of citric acid (3 mg.mL −1 ) and potassium sorbate (3 mg.mL −1 ) to ensure preservative efficacy. Betaxolol hydrochloride 1 mg.mL −1 was stable for 2 months when stored at 2–8 °C, for 1 month after opening at 2–8 °C, and for 15 days when stored at 25 °C/60% RH. Bisoprolol hemifumarate 0.5 mg.mL −1 was stable for 2 months when stored at 2–8 °C, for 1 month after opening at 2–8 °C, and for 15 days when stored at 25 °C/60% RH. Nadolol 10 mg.mL −1 was stable for 3 months when stored at 2–8 °C, for 1 month after opening at 2–8 °C, and for 15 days when stored at 25 °C/60% RH. Hospital pharmacies can compound batches of beta-blocker liquid oral suspensions and store them for secure dispensing and administration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".