New paleoseismological and morphotectonic investigations along the 2018 surface ruptures of the Fiandaca Fault, eastern flank of Etna volcano (Italy)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. We present the first paleoseismological results along the Fiandaca Fault, source of the 26 December 2018, Mw 5.0 Fleri earthquake. This earthquake caused extensive damage and 8 km of surface faulting. We excavated two exploratory trenches close to the Fiandaca village, in the central segment of the 2018 coseismic rupture. Analysis of trench walls allows identifying, besides the 2018 event, two additional historical surface faulting events. Based on amount of displacement of dated stratigraphic units, including tephra from the 122 BCE eruption, these historical events were similar to the 2018 earthquake. The most recent one occurred in the period 1281–1926 CE, most likely during the1894 earthquake. The oldest one, previously unknown, occurred in the Early Middle Ages (757–894 CE). When compared with the available seismic catalogue for Mt. Etna volcano, this paleoseismic evidence might suggest increased seismic activity along the Fiandaca Fault in the last centuries. In order to test this hypothesis, we conducted detailed morphotectonic analyses and throw rate measurements across offset historical lava flows. In addition, we developed a trishear kinematic model that describes the fault zone and the morphological features of the scarps. Throw rates mean values show an increase from 3.3 mm yr−1 since the Greek-Roman period reaching 7.8 mm yr−1 since the Late Middle Ages. These findings highlight the needs of further investigations to evaluate the slip rates variations of other faults accommodating the flank instability. Our findings confirm that paleoseismological and morphotectonic studies are of critical value for defining surface faulting and seismic hazard in volcanic settings.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".