Independent decision-making for sustainable livelihood in pastoral households: a focus on women in Bauchi and Gombe States, Northern Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite the efforts of female pastoralists to enhance the sustainable livelihoods of their households, they are often constrained by their inability to make critical decisions independently about their livelihoods and family lives. This study aims to determine how demographic characteristics influence the independent decision-making capabilities of pastoralist women and the significance of their independent decision-making in enhancing sustainable livelihoods in pastoralist households in the Bauchi and Gombe States of Northern Nigeria. The study involved interviews with 2290 adult female household members across six Local Government Areas (LGAs) in both states. The results indicate that pastoralist women’s ability to make independent decisions is significantly influenced by their age, marital status, and educational qualifications in most scenarios presented in the study. Most times, decisions on crop/livestock production and sales, family expenditures, family size, and family healthcare are mostly taken by men (who also are the head of households in pastoral communities) or other male household members, even though the funds spent or invested are generated by women who labor tirelessly on the fields to earn income from their own livestock, household livestock and/or by raising the livestock of others. The findings of the study suggest a need for the restructuring of societal power relations, both at the household and community levels, such that women are empowered to make decisions regarding livestock management and family life, reflecting more of their concerns. The study recommends that social capital be made available to pastoralist women, which can ultimately translate into better livelihood outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".