Clinical significance of vitamin B 12 deficiency in the development of cognitive impairment in patients with a combination of atrial fibrillation and coronary artery disease on dual antithrombotic therapy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) and coronary artery disease (CAD) are independent risk factors for cognitive impairment (CI). Vitamin B 12 deficiency is considered a potentially reversible factor for cognitive decline, but the available literature data are contradictory. Objective. To assess the impact of vitamin B 12 deficiency on cognitive function in patients with AF and CAD on dual antithrombotic therapy (DATT). Materials and methods. This prospective open cohort study included 126 patients with AF and CAD (mean age 69.5 [63; 76] years, 62.7 % men) on DATT. They were divided into two groups: with vitamin B 12 deficiency (n=21) and without deficiency (n=105). All patients underwent cognitive assessment using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Trail Making Test, Word fluency test, Word-List Recall, and Stroop color-word conflict. Levels of anxiety and depression were also assessed using the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, respectively. Results. In the vitamin B 12 deficient group, the completion time for the third part of the Stroop Test was statistically significantly longer (205.0 [176.8; 248.0] s vs. 180.0 [148.0; 222.3] s, respectively; p=0.048). The difference remained statistically significant after excluding patients with anemia (p=0.049). According to the MMSE, the group without vitamin B 12 deficiency and anemia had a statistically significantly higher number of patients with normal scores (29–30 points) – 15 patients (18 %), whereas there were no such patients in the vitamin B 12 deficient group (p=0.037 between groups). Conclusions. In patients with AF and CAD on DATT, vitamin B 12 deficiency is a modifiable risk factor for CI and is associated with selective executive dysfunction. Its early diagnosis may help improve cognitive function and quality of life.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".