The Power of Parental Bonds: Predicting Alexithymia and Psychological Distress in Young Adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The bond between parents and children has a profound impact on the emotional and psychological development of young adults. This is likely to lead to alexithymia and psychological suffering in Pakistanis whose personal and psychological well–being is largely associated with the nature of the family system. In such instances, parental negligence, combined with authoritarian styles, can lead to this outcome. This study's focus was to analyse the predictive role of the bonds between a parent and child in the area of stress, anxiety, depression, and alexithymia in young adults. Using a convenience sampling technique, this study employed a quantitative cross-sectional research design. The research participants were 183 adults, aged 18-30 years, 98 females and 85 males, participated from three different institutions located in Multan, Rawalpindi, and Islamabad. Participants completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), and the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) for this study. Authoritarian factors in father bonding were a significant predictor of alexithymia (? = 0.44, SE = 0.29, p < 0.001, 95% CI = [0.35, 0.97]) and accounted for 20% of the variation (R² = 0.20, F(1, 177) = 12.66, p < 0.001). Parental bonding explained 37, 61, and 55% of the variance in depression (R² = .37, F (1,177) = 31.69, p < .001), anxiety (R² = .61, F (1,177) = 29.37, p < .001), and stress (R² = .55, F (1,177) = 27.69, p < .001) respectively. Furthermore, psychological distress i.e. depression, anxiety, and stress were associated positively with two parenting styles i.e. ambivalent and authoritarian. These findings reflect that parental bonding is a significant predictor of psychological distress as well as alexithymia among adults especially in the context of Pakistan. This suggests that the inappropriate nurturing and overprotection can contribute towards the emergence of maladaptive personality traits such as alexithymia and increase the adolescents’ susceptibility towards psychological distress.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".