A Portable Fluorometer Detects Significantly Elevated Cell-Free DNA in Tracheal Wash and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Horses with Severe Asthma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Severe equine asthma (sEA) is characterized by increased lower airway neutrophils that contribute to dysregulated inflammation through the release of cytokines, reactive oxygen species and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs are composed of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) intercalated with enzymatic proteins and are known to be increased in the lower airway of asthmatic horses. The objectives of this study were two-fold: 1. Determine if cfDNA can be accurately measured in equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and tracheal wash (TW) with a Qubit 4 fluorometer. 2. Determine whether Qubit-measured cfDNA in BALF or TW is significantly different in horses with sEA, mild/moderate neutrophilic equine asthma, mastocytic equine asthma and healthy horses. A total of sixty-three horses received a physical examination and clinical score followed by a BAL +/- TW. Cell-free DNA was measured using three methods in unfiltered BAL and TW as well as BAL and TW supernatant. Cell-free DNA concentrations were highly correlated between the Qubit 4 fluorometer and NanoDrop spectrophotometer as well as between the Qubit 4 fluorometer and SYTOX green plate-based assay. Cell-free DNA concentrations were highly correlated between unfiltered TW and TW supernatant as well as between unfiltered BALF and BAL supernatant. Cell-free DNA concentrations in BAL and TW supernatant were significantly higher in horses with sEA compared to healthy horses or horses with mild/moderate equine asthma. Cell-free DNA is a biomarker of sEA that can be easily measured in the field with the small portable Qubit 4 fluorometer in BAL and TW fluid. These findings support further investigation of NETs as a biomarker and potential therapeutic target for severe equine asthma.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".