No Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine or Sodium Bicarbonate on Resistance Exercise Performance: A Double-Blind Crossover Study with Sex-Based Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Caffeine, a nervous system stimulant, and sodium bicarbonate, a metabolic buffer, have been shown to improve performance in high-intensity, particularly aerobic, exercises. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study compared the acute effects of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate on chest press (CP) and knee extension (KE) performance. Twelve resistance-trained young adults (seven females) completed three testing sessions during which they consumed caffeine (0.003 g/kg of body weight), sodium bicarbonate (0.3 g/kg of body weight), or placebo at 120, 90, and 60 min prior to testing. Testing consisted of six sets of CP and KE for as many repetitions as possible at 70% of the participants’ 1-repetition maximum load. A 60 s recovery between sets, and 2 min recovery was allocated between exercises. Blood pressure and blood lactate were recorded pre-, mid-, and post-test. Heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), repetitions, and electromyography (EMG) were recorded for every set. No significant differences were found under any condition for RPE, EMG, and KE repetitions. A main effect for groups revealed was increased CP repetitions with sodium bicarbonate (7.42; 95%CI: 6.8–7.9) versus caffeine (6.7; 95%CI: 6.1–7.3) and control (7.1; 95%CI: 6.4–7.6) conditions. However, post hoc analysis did not achieve significance. Diastolic blood pressure was significantly (p = 0.03) greater with caffeine (79.2 mmHg; 95%CI: 74.6–83.7) than with sodium bicarbonate (72.7 mmHg; 95%CI: 67.5–77.9) and control (74.5 mmHg; 95%CI: 71.7–77.3). Females had significantly lower blood lactate measurements, higher CP repetitions, and lower heart rates, despite similar resting heart rates between the sexes. Caffeine (0.003 g/kg) or sodium bicarbonate (0.3 g/kg) did not provide acute ergogenic effects on CP or KE strength endurance (six sets of CP and KE at 70% 1-repetition maximum load) performance in young adult women and men.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".