Examining the impact of gestational diabetes genetic susceptibility variants on maternal glucose levels during and post pregnancy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIM: Genetic variants associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM, n=14 SNPs) were recently classified into two groups: type 2 diabetes predominant effects (Class-T, three SNPs) and GDM-predominant effects (Class-G, eight SNPs; three SNPs unclassified). We aimed to compare the effects of GDM-associated variants on glucose levels (fasting glucose and 2-hour post-OGTT) measured during versus post pregnancy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We calculated genetic scores (GS) by class (T_GS and G_GS) and overall (All_GS) in 10 225 pregnant women and 4763 women post pregnancy (mean 10.5 years post pregnancy) from eight datasets representing four ancestrally-diverse cohorts: Exeter Family Study of Childhood Health, Genetics of Glucose Regulation in Gestation and Growth, Hyperglycaemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome, and Finnish Gestational Diabetes. We used linear regression models adjusted for ancestry principal components to investigate associations between standardized GS and glucose levels during or post pregnancy. Analyses were performed separately in each dataset and then combined using inverse-variance weighted random-effects meta-analyses. RESULTS: All_GS was associated with fasting glucose both during and post pregnancy (β (95% CI), in mmol/L per 1 SD higher GS=0.06 (0.04 to 0.08) during vs 0.06 (0.04 to 0.07) post pregnancy). All_GS was also associated with 2-hour post-OGTT glucose levels during pregnancy but not after (0.10 (0.04 to 0.15) during vs 0.01 (-0.04 to 0.07) post pregnancy). Both G_GS and T_GS showed consistent associations with fasting glucose during and post pregnancy (0.06 (0.04 to 0.08) during and 0.05 (0.03 to 0.07) post pregnancy for G_GS; 0.02 (0.01 to 0.02) during and 0.02 (-0.001; 0.05) post pregnancy for T_GS). G_GS showed weak evidence of association with 2-hour glucose levels during pregnancy (0.06 (-0.002 to 0.11)) and no association with 2-hour glucose levels post pregnancy (-0.03 (-0.08 to 0.03)). However, T_GS was associated with 2-hour glucose during pregnancy and post pregnancy (0.10 (0.04 to 0.16) and 0.06 (0.01 to 0.12)). CONCLUSION: Consistent associations with fasting glucose levels during and after pregnancy may suggest that biological pathways underlying GDM genetic susceptibility to fasting hyperglycemia are not pregnancy specific. However, the results for All_GS and 2-hour glucose provide evidence that some genetic associations with postprandial glucose may be stronger in pregnancy and should be followed up in larger samples.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".