Ultrasoft hydrogel immune millirobot with multimodal locomotion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Advancements in cellular immunotherapy demanded efficient immune cell delivery. To meet this need, we introduced hydrogel-based immune millirobots designed for high immune cell loading and precise tumor targeting. These ultrasoft robots, embedded with magnetic nanoparticles, exhibited adaptable locomotion: walking, rolling, climbing, and undulating, enabling navigation through complex biological environments and alignment with varied tumor morphologies. They responded to magnetic fields and ionic or pH changes, facilitating propulsion, grasping, and localized delivery. In vitro, the millirobots eradicated three-dimensional tumor models in four days; in vivo, they notably reduced tumor growth in HepG2-luc tumor-bearing nude mice within 15 days. Bioluminescence imaging confirmed enhanced natural killer cell activity at tumor sites. The robots demonstrated excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability and caused no adverse effects postimplantation. This work showcased a responsive, soft robotic system with potential for advancing immune cell delivery and exploring tumor-immune dynamics in cancer therapy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".