Remembering and Reconnecting Erased Histories: Memorials for the 1871 Massacre in Los Angeles and the Driving Out of 1849–1943
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: The largest massacre in modern Los Angeles history and the largest mass lynching in the United States occurred in downtown Los Angeles in 1871. In 2023, Sze Tsung Nicolás Leong and Judy Chui-Hua Chung were selected to design the memorial to its victims. The violence erupted in Los Angeles’s original and later destroyed Chinese quarter and rapidly surged across downtown streets. The Memorial to the Victims of the 1871 Chinese Massacre will be distributed over several sites—the primary initial site, where the violence began, and surrounding satellite sites, where the violence spread. Sculptural trees, trunks, stumps, and roots, with engraved poetry, make up our design for the memorial, and these elements evoke the complex overlapping experiences of immigration, belonging, rootedness, uprooting, and racial violence. The 1871 Chinese Massacre was part of a larger history of xenophobia in the United States that arose in the mid-1800s and lasted into the mid-1900s. In these decades, hundreds of Asian American communities, primarily Cantonese, were uprooted and destroyed through violence and legislation in an effort to “cleanse” the country of people of Asian descent. We refer to this period of violence and destruction as the Driving Out. Because the principal goal and tactics of the violence were expulsion and erasure, little or nothing remains where the Asian American communities once flourished. To reveal this forgotten history, we present our preliminary concept for a Driving Out memorial with sculptures and poetry that relate formally and thematically to the elements of the 1871 Memorial, suggesting a network of trees, trunks, roots, and words that grow out of a shared history of migration, expulsion, and violence. These related artworks will unite the 1871 Memorial and Massacre with the wider history of the Driving Out, and reveal the mostly unknown geographical and temporal extent of anti-Asian violence that defined a significant part of US history.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".