Co-culture metabolomics: a powerful tool for uncovering host-pathogen phenotypes driving <i>Burkholderia</i> infections
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Melioidosis, caused by the soil-dwelling pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bt), is a severe respiratory infection with limited treatment options. To investigate the host-pathogen metabolic interplay occurring during these intracellular infections, Hicks et al. built upon an in vitro co-culture model they developed with airway epithelial cells and Bt as a surrogate pathogen (D. J. Hicks, N. Aiosa, A. Sinha, O. A. Jaiyesimi, et al., mSystems 10:e00611-25, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00611-25 ). Using an untargeted metabolomics approach tailored to central metabolism, they identified several host pathways that were altered during the Bt infection: polyamine biosynthesis, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide salvage, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In addition, they found that several bacterial metabolites, including methylated nucleotide bases, peptidoglycan precursors, and amino acid derivatives, were altered due to Bt infection. These results show that co-culture metabolomics is an effective strategy for identifying host-pathogen metabolic phenotypes resulting from bacterial infections and can uncover new therapeutic strategies to combat melioidosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".