Floatable carbon nitride-plastic composite for paired photocatalysis at the liquid-liquid interface
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Floatable photocatalysts have been demonstrated for solar fuel synthesis at the gas-liquid interface but not yet between immiscible solvents for chemical synthesis. Here, we introduce a carbon nitride and low-density plastics composite with tunable density, produced by a sustainable fabrication process for applications in liquid-liquid photocatalysis. This material enables 2D confinement, catalyst recovery, and paired, compartmentalized photocatalysis. Carbon nitride-polypropylene at the 1-butanol|water interface produced 2.7 ± 0.5 mmol L −1 h −1 aqueous H 2 O 2 from O 2 reduction and 1.5 ± 0.4 mmol L −1 h −1 butanal from butanol oxidation at room temperature (λ = 450 nm, 40 mW cm −2 ). Replacing 1-butanol with kraft lignin in ethyl acetate resulted in integrated H 2 O 2 synthesis (0.78 ± 0.01 mmol L −1 h −1 ) and organo-soluble biomass upcycling (0.67 ± 0.01 of veratraldehyde from a model compound). Continuous processing of simultaneously produced H 2 O 2 and valorized lignin was achieved by developing a flow reactor platform utilizing concentrated simulated solar light.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".