Manganese ore systems: a Canadian perspective on a critical element in the transition to a sustainable green economy within North America
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Manganese is a critical metal for modern economic development. Over 85% of manganese is used in the production of steel, where, as a desulphurizing agent, it is an essential additive in all steelmaking, and as an alloying agent it makes a range of specialty steels. Additionally, it has significant uses in fertilizer, animal feed, rubber, glass, unleaded gasoline, ceramics, and paints. Currently over 80% of manganese ore comes from a few mines in Africa and Australia, but its production is facing two potential paradigm shifting developments over the next decade: the potential extraction of manganese nodules from the ocean floor; and within the transition to a green economy as a component for electric vehicle batteries. Herein we present the first national inventory of Canada’s manganese occurrences in 90 years. While Canada has no current production, it does contain many occurrences, though most are too small to be viable operations. Presently, the deposits most suitable for mining are in the Woodstock area, New Brunswick. Not only are these relatively large tonnage and high grade, but their mineral composition also makes them more suitable for electric vehicle batteries than most currently mined manganese ore or, potentially in the future, from seafloor mining of manganese nodules.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it