Unlocking Multielectron Transfer in a Quinone–Pyrazine Conjoined Redox Core for Capacity-Doubled and Ultrastable Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) face energy density and stability challenges. We introduce DAPQ, an anthraquinone–phenazine fused molecule with a π-conjugated architecture enabling four-electron storage. The rigid fused-ring structure integrates four redox-active sites, enhancing aromaticity to resist degradation while achieving reversible multielectron transfer and superior volumetric capacity. The 0.6 M DAPQ-based AORFB delivers an exceptionally high energy density of 53.59 Wh L –1 (53.48 Ah L –1 ), and the 0.5 M DAPQ-based AORFB delivers a capacity retention of 99.86% over 2,300 cycles (1991 h), showing merely 0.0017% daily decay. Stable operation persists even at 50 °C, confirming conjugated rigidity’s critical role in redox core stabilization and longevity. Mechanistic studies reveal that extended π-conjugation and balanced charge distribution synergistically inhibit parasitic reactions. This conjugation-driven multielectron design establishes a paradigm for developing high-capacity, durable organic charge carriers, advancing scalable, safe, and sustainable grid-scale energy storage solutions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".