First report of <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> AG-4 HGII causing root rot and damping-off on quinoa ( <i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> ) in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In June 2022, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) plants exhibiting symptoms of root rot and seedling damping-off were observed in two commercial fields in Saskatchewan, Canada. Disease incidence was recorded in 14% and 11% of plants in the respective fields. Three fungal isolates were obtained from diseased seedlings and their morphological characteristics were consistent with those of Rhizoctonia solani. The isolates were identified as R. solani AG-4 HGII based on anastomosis groupings and subgroup-specific primers. nBlast and phylogenetic analysis of rDNA-ITS sequences confirmed that the isolates (GenBank accession nos. PQ152665, PQ867861 and PQ867862) grouped within the same clade as previously identified R. solani AG-4 HGII sequences. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by inoculating 2-week-old quinoa seedlings with mycelial plugs. After 10 days, inoculated seedlings developed seedling damping-off symptoms with reddish-brown stem necrosis near the soil surface and sunken brown root lesions, while control plants remained asymptomatic. Koch’s postulates were fulfilled through the consistent re-isolation of R. solani AG-4 HGII, confirming it as the causal agent of quinoa seedling root rot. To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. solani AG-4 HGII causing disease on quinoa in the field.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".