Oral Diuretic Intensification as a Worsening Heart Failure Event in the Primary Outcome of Clinical Trials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AbstractAlthough evidence-based therapies for patients with heart failure (HF) have decreased all-cause mortality, the residual risk of other clinically relevant outcomes - such as worsening HF - remains high. In this context, contemporary HF trials have increasingly employed composite primary outcomes that include worsening HF, commonly defined as episodes resulting in hospitalization for HF or urgent ambulatory visits with use of intravenous HF pharmacotherapies. In this Clinical Trials Workshop, we propose that the definition of worsening HF in clinical trials be expanded to include HF episodes treated with ambulatory oral diuretic intensification (ODI). Using previously reported post hoc analyses of pharmacotherapy trials in chronic HF, we highlight the prognostic significance of ODI and examine the implications of including ODI on anticipated event rates and estimated treatment effect. We propose a standardized definition of ODI and discuss challenges and regulatory considerations of incorporating ODI into HF trial end points.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.221 | 0.301 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".