The Association Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Thyroid Disorders: Systematic Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is associated with various extraintestinal manifestations, including thyroid disorders. The relationship between IBD and thyroid dysfunction—such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid cancer—remains unclear, with conflicting evidence on prevalence, risk factors, and underlying mechanisms. This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines, analyzing studies from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase. Eligible studies included observational and genetic investigations on IBD and thyroid disorders. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and Cochrane Risk of Bias tools. Thirteen studies were included, revealing significant associations between IBD and thyroid disorders. Increased thyroid cancer risk in UC (SIR=10.34) and CD (SIR=10.45) patients. Reduced hypothyroidism prevalence in UC (OR=0.33) in some cohorts. Shared genetic pathways (e.g., IP-10 cytokine mediation) between IBD and autoimmune thyroid disease. Geographic and demographic variations, with higher malignancy risks in Asian IBD populations. IBD is associated with an elevated risk of thyroid disorders, particularly thyroid cancer, though hypothyroidism risk may vary by IBD subtype and population. Immune-mediated mechanisms, including cytokine dysregulation, likely contribute to these associations. Clinicians should consider thyroid screening in high-risk IBD patients, especially those with long-standing disease or specific demographic risk factors. Further research is needed to clarify causal pathways and the impact of IBD treatments on thyroid function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.020 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".