Age-related change in skeletal muscle strength, size, and adiposity over 18 years in Caribbean men
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Declines in muscle strength outpace declines in muscle mass with age, so factors like muscle adiposity (i.e., myosteatosis) may contribute to strength loss. We describe intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) and grip strength over 18 years among middle-aged and older African Caribbean men. We hypothesized that increases in IMAT precede the loss of muscle area and strength, and that increased IMAT is independently associated with strength decline. Men ( n = 339, 51.2 ± 5.5 years) were followed for 18.2 ± 0.9 years. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography at the calf determined IMAT (cm 2 ) and muscle area (cm 2 ) at baseline, follow-up visit 1 (FV1; 6.2 ± 0.4 years after baseline), and FV2 (12.0 ± 0.8 years after FV1). Grip strength (kg) was measured by handheld dynamometry at all visits. Generalized estimating equations determined associations between changes in IMAT and muscle area with time-varying grip strength. Grip strength decreased (mean ± SD, baseline: 51.33 ± 8.79, FV1: 47.02 ± 8.67, FV2: 40.12 ± 8.57), IMAT increased (median [quartile 1, quartile 3], baseline: 1.36 [0.73, 2.53], FV1: 1.74 [0.92, 3.14], FV2: 3.49 [2.06, 5.49]), and muscle area increased then decreased (baseline: 79.88 ± 12.33, FV1: 81.12 ± 13.88, FV2: 78.35 ± 12.72; all p < 0.05). A 1-cm 2 increase in IMAT from baseline to FV1 or FV2 was significantly associated with 0.18 kg (95% CI: −0.31, −0.06) decreased grip strength, independent of muscle area. The change in muscle area was not associated with grip strength declines ( β = 0.03, 95% CI: −0.03, 0.10). Despite initial muscle area increases, grip strength continuously decreased, and IMAT increased. Age-related increases in IMAT may contribute to the disconnect between declines in muscle strength and size. Graphical Abstract
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".