Preparation of 2,5-Dimercaptothiadiazole Mixed Phosphate Diamine Salt and Its Tribological Performance in Low-Viscosity Lubricating Oil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this paper, 2,5-dimercaptothiadiazole mixed phosphate diamine salt (SNP), an antiwear additive, was formulated via stepwise temperature-controlled amination. Its structure and thermal stability were characterized using infrared (IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Results confirmed that SNP contains a thiadiazole ring, phosphate ester, and amine functional groups, with its main thermal decomposition stage at 290.24–332.99 °C. The tribological performance of SNP in HVIP6 base oil was evaluated and compared with that of commercial phosphite, phosphate, and borate esters. Four-ball tests showed that 1% SNP yielded a wear scar diameter of 0.359 mm, 55.18% smaller than that of the base oil and significantly lower than those of phosphite ester (0.499 mm), phosphate ester (0.484 mm), and borate ester (0.810 mm). scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analyses revealed that SNP dissociates into PO43− and NH4+ at the friction interface, forming a dense nanocrystalline FePO4 protective film; the positive charge of NH4+ enhances the orderliness of the FePO4 film. In contrast, phosphite and phosphate esters exhibited poor antiwear performance, primarily due to insufficient stability of the formed tribofilms. In contrast, borate esters barely generated effective protective films. The self-synthesized SNP consequently provides a new approach for the design of antiwear additives in low-viscosity lubricating oils.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".