Before the Sanctions: How Firms in Russia Institutionalized Corporate Social Responsibility
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article investigates the development of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Russia before the full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. First, the authors present an index they constructed from CSR reporting data of 45 leading firms. The article demonstrates that the degree to which firms in Russia have institutionalized CSR practices and norms varies extensively. Second, by building on neo-institutionalist theory and mechanisms of isomorphic change, it explores the global and domestic pressures that promoted CSR institutionalization in Russia’s authoritarian capitalism. The findings from the Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) show that there is no uniform path, but rather multiple, equifinal routes to CSR institutionalization. Two types of mimetic isomorphism—modelling CSR activities after best international practices and path-dependent Soviet-type experiences—are crucial to explaining CSR institutionalization in Russia. After the Russian invasion of Ukraine, international practices could become less important, while the domestic pressures to further CSR institutionalization will remain relevant.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".