Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nations are increasingly turning to green industrial policy to promote low-carbon economic development. While liberal states have long been portrayed as institutionally ill-equipped to pursue state-led economic transformations, recent research shows that they can and do advance such strategies. However, explanations for why these countries vary in their capacity to overcome institutional constraints in green industrial policy remain underexplored. The argument in this paper is that some political economy conditions shape the capacity of liberal states to pursue proactive green industrial policy. Empirically, the analysis compares the industrial strategy for carbon capture of two liberal states, Canada and the United Kingdom, that display contrasting degrees of alignment with the liberal market approach. Findings reveal that the United Kingdom's shift towards a more state-led strategy was enabled by politically salient coalitions in industrial regions and the renewed legitimation of industrial policy after the 2016 Brexit referendum, whereas Canada's strong hydrocarbon incumbency and persistent market fundamentalism sustained a liberal market approach. The paper contributes to understanding the conditions under which liberal states can move towards more state-led industrial transformations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".