Comparison of clinical efficacy of sequential and single intra-articular injection of platelet-rich plasma in treatment of early/mid-stage knee osteoarthritis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of sequential and single injection of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in treatment of early/mid-stage knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Methods: Ninety-four patients who were diagnosed of early/mid-stage KOA from 2022 to 2024 were included in this study, involving 39 case undergoing sequential intra-articular PRP injection (sequential PRP group) and 55 case undergoing single intra-articular PRP injection (single PRP group). Outcomes including serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels, synovial fluid matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) levels, visual analog scale (VAS) score, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) score, Lysholm score and complications were all recorded and compared. Results: At 6-month post-treatment, not only serum IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, but also synovial fluid MMP-3 and TIMP-1, were significantly improved compared with those pre-treatment in each group. Compared with single PRP group, however, the sequential PRP group showed lower serum IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, synovial fluid MMP-3 and higher synovial fluid TIMP-1 at 6-month post-treatment. Both the two groups achieved significant improvements in VAS score, WOMAC score and Lysholm score at 1, 3, and 6 months post-treatment. Although no significant differences were found in VAS score, WOMAC score and Lysholm score between single PRP group and sequential PRP group at 1 and 3 months post-treatment, sequential PRP group had a lower VAS score and WOMAC score, and a higher Lysholm score at 6 months post-treatment. No significant difference was found in complications rate between the two groups and all cases were cured after active treatment. Conclusions: Both sequential and single injection of PRP can achieve satisfactory clinical efficacy in the treatment of early/mid-stage KOA, but sequential intra-articular PRP injection has the advantages of sustained long-term efficacy in relieving pain and improving knee joint function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".