Association between decreased taurine levels in the anterior cingulate cortex and restricted and repetitive behaviors in autism spectrum disorder: a cross-sectional study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often experience reduced quality of life due to core autistic traits, such as restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs), yet no pharmacological treatments have been established to date. Oxidative stress, a potential contributor to ASD pathology, may reduce taurine and glutathione (GSH) levels. Although animal studies have reported altered antioxidant levels, studies investigating the brain antioxidant levels in individuals with ASD remain limited. This study investigated whether reduced antioxidant levels in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a region consistently characterized by functional and metabolic abnormalities in individuals with ASD, and closely associated with RRBs. Methods: A total of 44 children with ASD and 40 typically developing controls were enrolled in this study. Diagnoses were confirmed using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Second Edition (ADOS-2). Magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to quantify taurine and GSH levels in the ACC. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare metabolite levels between the groups and assess associations with ADOS-2 subscale scores. Results: The ASD group exhibited significantly lower taurine levels, whereas GSH levels remained unchanged. Taurine levels were negatively correlated with RRBs but not with social affect. Discussion: These findings suggest that reduced taurine levels in the ACC of children with ASD, alongside unchanged GSH levels, may indicate distinct biosynthetic pathways and functional roles of these metabolites in oxidative stress defense mechanisms associated with ASD pathology. Taurine depletion may disrupt physiological processes associated with RRBs and could serve as a potential therapeutic target for symptom management.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".