The genetic basis of late blight resistance in potato: a comprehensive overview
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Potato late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, is a global problem causing economic losses and threatening food security. Fungicide application is the traditional control method, though it is costly and harmful to the environment, and P. infestans rapidly develop fungicide resistance. Thus, breeding resistant potato varieties remain the most sustainable approach to disease management. Resistance (R) genes derived from wild Solanum species have been widely used in breeding programs, though P. infestans frequently overcomes single-gene resistance through effector evolution. While significant progress has been made in identifying resistance determinants, the molecular and evolutionary dynamics governing potato-P. infestans interactions are yet to be fully understood, limiting efforts to achieve durably resistant varieties. Recent studies aided by increasing amounts of genomics data have uncovered novel immune components, such as the PERU receptor and epidermal chloroplast immune components, offering new insights into plant immunity and potential disease management. This review summarizes the genetic factors contributing to late blight resistance in potatoes and the innovative breeding strategies to meet the challenges of this persistent agricultural disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".