8 RESEARCH ON THE PSYCHOLOGY OF COLLECTIVE BELIEF FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PSYCHOLOGY: A CASE STUDY OF THE TANYAO FIVE CAVES AT YUNGANG
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: The south-oriented Yungang Tanyao Five Caves, Caves 16-20, horizontally arrayed at the mountain base, shape viewers’ religious cognition and devotional psychology through their sequential spatial configuration and colossal Buddhist statuary, evoking visual awe and spiritual engagement. Methods: This study analyzes the Tanyao Five Caves from a Buddhist psychological perspective, using the Mind-Sovereign deep psychological system and meditative praxis as frameworks, integrated with spatial semiotics and religious anthropology. It examines spatial configuration, iconography, and viewer experiences, focusing on materializations of the Mind-Sovereign system including central Buddha, Bodhisattvas, and Thousand Buddha Wall, and meditative field elements including enclosed spaces and ritual pathways. Drawing on the Consciousness-Only theory's Eight Consciousnesses, it elucidates consciousness-spatial mapping and meditative embodiment mechanisms, revealing how Buddhist devotional psychology operates in material space. Results: The core spatial essence of the caves integrates two dimensions: materialization of the Eight Consciousnesses framework via sculptural systems including Buddha triads and Thousand-Buddha walls; and construction of a contemplative field through enclosed spaces, pathways, and multisensory design. This transforms the space into a catalyst for collective faith, a tangible form of mind-nature theory, a therapeutic field for religious psychological healing, and a medium for socio-religious identity reconstruction. Conclusions: As Northern Wei's inaugural imperial cave complex, Caves 16-20 form a profound faith-experience field via three mechanisms: Materialized Mind Architecture, spatializing the Mind-Sovereign framework through sculptures; Nondual Meditative Verification, dissolving subject-object duality via space, gaze, and pathways; and Trauma-Transcendence Triad, converting political worship to mind-nature identification through spatial purification, Buddha's gaze, and ritual movement. Their spatial ontology synthesizes cognitive mapping and contemplative engineering, manifesting collective faith through materialized mind theory and post-trauma identity reconstruction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".