Risk factors and control of Opisthorchis viverrini in the Lower Mekong Basin: A systematic review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Opisthorchis viverrini (OV) is a major public health concern in the Lower Mekong Basin. This study aimed to synthesize all field-based empirical research examining risk factors and control strategies for OV in the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB). METHODS: We performed a systematic review of published literature (1990-2024) on field-based OV studies that examined risk factors and control strategies in LMB. The literature search included two databases: PubMed and Scopus. We included field-based studies that analysed or reported on OV risk factors or control strategies using quantitative or mixed methods and were written in English. We excluded secondary research articles, laboratory-based research, qualitative only research and studies conducted outside LMB. All prospective studies underwent quality assessment using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale or the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool II prior to final inclusion. RESULTS: We identified 807 citations from PubMed and Scopus. From those, 56 studies were included in the review and three additional studies were identified from citation searches of included studies in the review. Studies were extracted and analysed by research focus. Among the included studies, 45 were conducted in Thailand, 11 in Laos, two in Vietnam, and one in Cambodia. Factors associated with OV infection were explored in 51 studies, and 11 studies reported on control strategies. General education was found to be an important protective factor for OV infection. Consumption of raw or undercooked fish was the most reported risk factor. Anthelmintic treatment was the primary control strategy across studies. CONCLUSION: This review summarises risk factors and control strategies reported in LMB since 1990. We found that sociodemographic, environmental, and economic factors were important predictors of OV infection. Given the multitude of risk factors for infection identified in this study and the complex lifecycle of OV, we recommend a One Health approach, that recognises the interconnectedness of human, animal and environmental health, for future health promotion and control strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration ID: CRD42022357080.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".