Outcomes of Patients With Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Prescribed SGLT2 Inhibitors in British Columbia: A Single-Arm Retrospective Cohort Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the fourth leading cause of kidney failure in Canada and internationally. To date, patients with ADPKD have been excluded from trials of sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), which have been demonstrated to positively influence a wide range of kidney outcomes across the spectrum of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This exclusion was primarily due to theoretic safety concerns, particularly hastening disease progression due to vasopressin stimulation. As a result, there is a paucity of data on SGLT2i use among patients with ADPKD. Objectives: To estimate the risk of kidney dysfunction with SGLT2i treatment among patients with ADPKD. Design: Single-arm retrospective cohort study. Setting and patients: Adult patients (≥18 years old) with CKD with a primary diagnosis of ADPKD in British Columbia, Canada who had been exposed to any drug formulation containing empagliflozin, dapagliflozin or canagliflozin. Methods and measurements: We retrieved existing data from the province wide registry of patients with kidney disease and performed manual chart reviews on patients with ADPKD who were prescribed an SGLT2i from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2024. The primary outcome was acute kidney injury (AKI). Secondary outcomes included eGFR slope before and after SGLT2i initiation, magnitude of "eGFR dip" after starting SGLT2i as well as the incidence of genitourinary (GU) infections requiring hospital admission, emergency room visit and/or outpatient diagnosis and treatment. Results: = .48). Two patients (12%) had documentation of a urinary tract infection, neither of whom required hospitalization, or an emergency department visit. Limitations: The main limitation was the lack of a comparator group, thereby making it difficult to determine the true risk of AKI in our cohort of patients with ADPKD on SGLT2i. Other limitations include our retrospective study design and small sample size, which limits the generalizability of these results. The median exposure time of our cohort to SGLT2i was only 20.89 months and we had limited eGFR data beyond 2 years post-SGLT2i initiation. We did not have data on total kidney volume of these patients. Conclusions: In this cohort of 17 patients with ADPKD on SGLT2i, we did not observe any signs of adverse kidney outcomes and only two instances of GU infections occurred, neither requiring emergency visits or hospitalization. More high-quality evidence is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of SGLT2i in this population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".