Astral-DIA proteomics and 4D label-free N-glycoproteomics of milk fat globule membrane proteins reveal distinct profiles between yak colostrum and mature milk
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins are highly glycosylated and participate in various biological processes. However, the N-glycoproteomic profiles of MFGM protein in yak colostrum (YC) and mature milk (YM) remain unexplored. In this study, Astral data-independent acquisition proteomics was applied to analyze the MFGM proteomes of YC and YM, while 4D label-free quantification was used to investigate their N-glycoproteomes. A total of 4278 proteins were identified, of which 1271 were differentially expressed. Additionally, 89 N-glycoproteins, 120 N-glycopeptides, and 128 N-glycosylation sites were detected. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses showed many MFGM proteins and N-glycoproteins involved in immune functions, mainly enriched in pathways such as complement and coagulation cascades, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, and hematopoietic cell lineage. Findings from this research offer unprecedented perspectives on the MFGM proteomes and their glycosylation in yak milk and support the development of functional dairy products.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".