CDK11 activates CDK12 to trigger the elongation of RNA Polymerase II
Bibliographic record
Abstract
CDK11 is an essential cyclin-dependent kinase in higher eukaryotes, yet its specific substrates and functional roles have remained elusive. Our findings reveal that CDK11 is functionally analogous to the yeast Bur1 kinase, phosphorylating the repeat region of hSpt5 and the linker domain of Rpb1 in RNA Polymerase II (Pol II). Inhibition of CDK11 results in a significant reduction of active Pol II not only at transcription start sites but also along gene bodies. Further investigation finds that CDK11 is crucial for the phosphorylation and activation of CDK12, which is essential for the elongation of Pol II. Moreover, we find that CDK10 can partially compensate for the function of CDK11. Combining with earlier functional elucidation of CDK9 from us, the consequent roles of CDK7/8, CDK9, CDK10/11, and CDK12/13 in transcription regulation in metazoans are established.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".