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Record W4417278776 · doi:10.3138/gsi-2024-0019

Neuroscience and Non-Lethal Violence in Genocide: Exploring Scope and Constraints

2025· article· en· W4417278776 on OpenAlex
Sabah Carrim

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

venuePublished in a venue whose home country is Canada.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueGenocide Studies International · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldHealth Professions
TopicHealth and Conflict Studies
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsGenocideCriminal justiceDiminished responsibilityGatekeepingIdeologyScope (computer science)NeuroimagingEconomic Justice

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Beyond findings in psychiatry and psychology, in the last two decades, the novel field of neuroscience has expanded our purview of brain injury, pain, and trauma—basically, non-lethal forms of violence. Peeking into the brain using state-of-the-art neuroimaging enables us to discern anomalies such as brain lesions, cysts, enlarged sulci, and regions of hypoperfusion (reduced blood flow), among other things, thereby allowing us to infer connections between brain anomalies and behavior. These findings, this paper posits, are highly relevant to genocide scholarship. Scholars have suggested that “mental harm” in Article II(b) of the Genocide Convention be extended to include neuroscientific findings; the most common in the literature being Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE). Including these in determining short- and long-term, visible and non-visible effects of exposure to mass atrocity and genocide would allow for a more accurate assessment of non-lethal violence on survivors and their families. Moreover, sufferers would be in a stronger position to employ restorative justice comprising legal, medical, and pecuniary means. Despite the excitement over these revelations, a question to ponder are the challenges individuals and institutions would face before they incorporate non-lethal violence derived from neuroscientific findings into genocide scholarship. This paper explores practical, technical, ideological, and legal arguments: (1) neurohype, (2) limitations of neuroimaging, (3) ideological battles, (4) gatekeeping the definition of genocide.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.298
Threshold uncertainty score0.585

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.001
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.181
GPT teacher head0.496
Teacher spread0.316 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it